Dementia Risk Factors & Causes

Alzheimer's disease is a complex condition, and its exact causes are not fully understood. However, it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that lead to the abnormal buildup of proteins in the brain, specifically amyloid and tau. These proteins form plaques and tangles, disrupting communication between nerve cells and eventually leading to cell damage and death. 

Here's a breakdown of the key factors:

1. Protein Abnormalities:

• Amyloid Plaques:

  Deposits of a protein fragment called beta-amyloid form outside and around nerve cells, disrupting cell function. 

• Tau Tangles:

  Abnormalities in the tau protein lead to the formation of tangles inside nerve cells, interfering with cell transport and communication. 

2. Genetic Factors:

• Early-onset Alzheimer's:

  A small percentage of cases are caused by inherited gene mutations, often affecting individuals in their 40s or 50s. 

• Late-onset Alzheimer's:

  While most cases are not directly caused by a single gene, genetic variations, like the APOE gene, can influence a person's risk of developing the disease. 

3. Environmental and Lifestyle Factors:

• Head Trauma: A history of head injuries, especially those resulting in loss of consciousness, is linked to increased risk. 

• Cardiovascular Health: Conditions like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes are associated with a higher risk of Alzheimer's. 

• Other Factors: Infections, inflammation, and exposure to toxins may also play a role. 

4. Age: 

• Age is the biggest risk factor: The risk of developing Alzheimer's increases significantly with age, particularly after 65.

In essence, Alzheimer's is a complex interplay of genetic predisposition and various environmental and lifestyle factors that can influence the development and progression of the disease.